Background: Foot ulceration and lower limb amputation are still common complications of Diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetic foot problems account for more hospitalization days than any other diabetic problem. The main etiologic factors are diabetic neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease. An easy, simple to use and low cost method for screening of diabetic peripheral neuropathy will be very useful.Methods: From May 2003 to May 2004, all diabetic patients (type 1) referred to endocrine clinic of Namazi Hospital were evaluated for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), using the bedside scoring Procedure. A score of 3-5 indicated mild, 6-8 moderate, and 9- 10 severe DPN. The perception of vibration, temperature, pinprick and ankle reflex was examined. Tuning fork (128 Hz), neuropen, cold and warm water and reflex hammer were used for evaluation.Findings: In this study we evaluated 80 patients (34 male and 46 female) with type 1 DM, with the age range of 6-31 years (Mean±SD 18.16±5.22 yr). The overall prevalence of DPN was 13.75%: mild in 7.5%, moderate in 5% and severe in 1.25% of the patients. The most common physical finding was the absence of ankle reflex. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the presence of DPN. The prevalence of DPN was significantly associated with age, duration of DM and BMI (P< 0.05). There was no significant correlation with sex, HbAlc, puberty, parental consanguinity and family history of DM.Conclusions: Bedside scoring Procedure is a simple, low cost and easy method for screening of DPN in patients with type 1 DM in outpatient clinic. Examination of ankle reflex is very important.It is concluded that the diabetic patients need better follow-up and more education.

Background: Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive fibrosis of the pancreas that leads to loss of endocrine and exocrine function of pancreas. The most common symptom is intractable pain. Which adversely effects quality of life, remains the most common indication for surgery in patients with chronic pancreatitis.Case report: Three patients underwent operations for chronic pancreatitis at the Ghaem hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad, Iran. Indication for operation in all cases was intractable abdominal pain. In all of the three patients complete relief of symptoms was obtained. There was no morbidity and mortality. In one patient exocrine function of pancreas and malabsorpation resolved after surgery. Conclusions: Although chronic pancreatitis is uncommon, but in persistent abdominal pain surgery should be considered. Surgery for patients with chronic pancreatitis can be performed safely with minimal morbidity and effective in control of pain and malabsorption.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a common, self-limiting condition. The purpose of this study was to comare the efficacy of canalith repositioning Procedure (CRP) and dimenhydrinate in the treatment of BPPV.In this prospective randomised unblinded controlled clinical trial 173 patients (45 men and 128 women) with a clinical diagnosis of BPPV (based on a positive history and Dix- Hallpike maneuver ) were entered into this clinical trial The mean duration of the symptoms was 6 month (range 1-120 months) and the mean age of the patients was 44. 27 years. The patients were randomly allocated to undrgo treatment with either dimenhydrinate, 50mg/tds (n=60), or CRP via Epley's maneuver (n=53), or placebo (n=60). Weekly follow up was done for 3 months to evaluate symptomatic improvement. Accrding to the resulte of this study 92-5% of the patients in the CPR group were symptom free while all of the patients receving dimenhydrinate or placebo had symptoms on followup (P<0.0001). At 3 months 98% of the patients in the CRP group and 17% of the patients in the dimenhydrinate group were satisfied with their respective treatments (P<0.0001). We conclude from our study CRP is significantly superior to dimenhydrinate in the treatment of BPPV.

One of the examples of civil liability could be considered to be damages, which is often discussed in the area of non-contractual liability. Given that the damages are from the functions of the hearing, in the laws of. D M Materials are dedicated to it. The Procedure for dealing with damages with emphasis on the judicial Procedure that we have assigned to our title is unobtrusive to anyone, because the processing of claims in judiciary requires a variety of costs that are, to a certain extent, the principle of being free. Judges in Islam are subject to debate that these costs can be debated in the form of damages. According to Article 515 of the Criminal Code. Ah D M Claiming the right to claim damages arising from the proceedings, including the costs of the proceedings and the right of the attorney, and the costs necessary to prove the dispute or defense, while filing the main application or proceeding, or independently of the defendant, and There is also a right for the defendant to claim damages if the claimant is unlawful. Approving Article 515 of the CG. Ah D M It is a follow-up to the precedent that is explored in this paper by exploring the progressive stance of the legislature and judicial process. In reviewing the judicial process from the judiciary, including the Supreme Court, the unanimity of the Supreme Court of the Supreme Court, the advisory opinions of the General Directorate for Legal Affairs and the drafting of the judiciary, and, finally, the judges' views, which are collectively known as the pillars of the judicial process of the country. It is concluded that the claim for damages in the court in which the main petition is raised, but if, after the issuance of the verdict is definitive and independently raised, it should be raised in the court of residence.

Human rights violations include a large number of victims, often with similar injuries. This issue concerns the European Court of Human Rights with the issue of repetitive applications and excessive length of proceedings. The use of PilotJudgment Procedure and Class Action are solutions that the Court has been taken to ensure the speed of the trial. The main purpose of this paper is to examine these two methods of dealing with human rights violations and existing judicial Procedures concerning them. Finally, it will be determined that these two methods of treatment will allow the Court to have a quick and effective hearing, but the manner in which the European Court of Human Rights uses them and the ambiguities regarding in way they are applied, violate the right of individual petition.

Rawls’ theory of Justice is expressed in a constructivist Procedure. He holds that his constructivist Procedure is free of metaphysical presuppositions. His constructivist Procedure is here pursued in three stages: (1) in a theory of justice, Rawls intends to come to moral principles regarding the original position which could even result in other moral principles as well. He also asserts some metaphysical conceptions of human nature in regard to the original position. (2) In “Kantian constructivism in moral theory”, the original position is blurred and the intuitional ideas of democratic societies come to center. (3) in political liberalism, change in the Procedure becomes more obvious and the Procedure is surveyed considering public reason and overlapping consensus; finally, it is deduced that even in Political Liberalism in which Rawls wants to suggest political, not metaphysical justice, he cannot maintain any concept of the justice without any metaphysical presupposition and, contrast to Rawls’ view, it followed that his constructivist Procedure is incomplete.

Background: Regarding the high prevalence of degenerative disease of the Acromioclavicular joint and invention of new sensitive diagnostic methods on one hand, and several reports approving the influence of arthroscopic Mumford method in affected patients (which we lack the evidence in this regard in our country) on the other hand, we conducted this research on patients referred to Taleqani hospital between 2004-2007.Materials and Methods: This research was carried out by clinical trial comparing pre & post- operative patients accepting this methods due to failure of previous conservative threatments. All patients were operated by Arthroscopic Mumford Procedure and range of motion (ROM), strengh and pain were determined in pre-operative and post-operative stages by standard methods. They were followed up for at least three months and the efficacy of this method was measured on the basis of above indices and any changes were judged clinically by statistical tests such as paired t-test and McNemar's test.Results: 41 patients were enrolled (87% male, 13% female) whose mean age were 48 years old. Before treatment, 26.8% oof elderly patients had moderate pain and 73.2% had severe pain, whereas, after treatment 78% of them had experienced no pain and 22% had mild pain (P<0.000). Indices of ROM improved by at least 33%, with the maximum of 60% (P<0.05). Power strenghts of flexion and abduction got better but internal and external rotation remained the same.Conclusion: Arthroscopic Mumford Procedure seems to be effective for mentioned cases and can be recommended for them, accordingly.